NUTRIENT

RDA/AI’s (mg/d)

UL (mg/d)

ADVERSE EFFECTS OF EXCESSIVE CONSUMPTION

P

700

4000

Metastatic calcification, skeletal porosity

Mg

420 (M), 320 (F)

350

None from naturally occurring Mg in foods, but from supplemental intakes

Ca

1,000

2500

Kidney stones, hypocalcaemia, milk alkali syndrome, renal insufficiency

Mn

2.3 (M), 1.8 (F)

11

Elevated blood concentration and neurotoxicity

Cu

900 (µg/d)

10,000 (µg/d)

Gastrointestinal distress, liver damage

Fe

8(M), 18(F)

45

Gastrointestinal distress

Zn

11 (M), 8(F)

40

Reduced Cu status

F

4

10

Enamel and skeletal fluorosis

I

150

1100

Elevated thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) conc